Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia

1.3 Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.

Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications one of the most perspective regions of a development of two-sided ratios between Kazakhstan and Russia. Both states in a context of a development of transport cooperating have the friend for the friend a strategic value, as, apart from a wide national transport web, occupy defining a geographical position.

Kazakhstan and Russia are closely coupled by the transport communications. In this connection of Kazakhstan is sensitive reacts to any variations under the tariffs for freight traffic on region of Russia.

One of key here of questions - transportation of oil and gas through region of Russia. In aggregate transportation of the Caspian oil and in the whole oil is one of the major sides of the Russia -Kazakhstan cooperating.
First of all this magnifying of a channel capacity of an oil pipeline
Atyrau – Samara up to 15 millions tons of oil per one year. The intimation into service CPC ensures export of the Kazakhstan oil on a long-term perspective.

In a period with 1995 and till 1999 Russia gave Kazakhstan such quota, which did not allow the Kazakhstan exporters to involve the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara on an apparent watts its annual channel capacity in 10,5 mln of tons of oil. And only in 1999 the algorithm manifold was loaded almost on 100 %. The agreement on magnifying of a quota at transit of oil in long-distance foreign countries at first up to 5 mln of tons
(December 23, 1998) was signed, and then (February 25, 1999) up to 7,5 mln of tons (the quota in short-range foreign countries has remained former -
3,5 mln of tons). This decision initiated occurrence of the project of reconstruction and modernizing of the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara for magnifying of a channel capacity at first up to 12 mln of tons, then - up to 15 mln of tons.

This project, designed transport companies of both countries - Russian
“Transoil” and Kazakhstan “Kazakhoil”, is favorable to both sides. For
“Transoil” the transportation of the Kazakhstan oil on the algorithm manifolds that for complete use of their powers does not suffice 20 mln tons, brings additional profit.

The first stage of reconstruction of the algorithm manifold Atyrau -
Samara- its channel capacity now is realized is lifted up to 12 mln of tons. Due to this the arrangement with Russia about magnifying of a transit quota in 2000 also was reached.

For Kazakhstan the magnifying of a channel capacity of the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara and export of oil through Russia opens the perspective market of selling, what Europe is. On a system of oil pipelines
"«Friendship" the Kazakhstan oil can act in Germanium, Poland, Hungary,
Slovenia, Czechia and Slovakia, where there is a stable demand for oil.
Under the forecasts of the experts, by 2010 Central and East Europe will import about 80 mln of tons of oil to one year. Now more than half of volumes of imported oil in this region make delivering of the countries of
CIS, primarily - from Russia (51 %). Having expanded outbound opportunities in this direction, Kazakhstan can become one of the largest suppliers of raw material in the European countries.

By share efforts of Kazakhstan and Russia is put into operation
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC). The common extent of the algorithm manifold makes 1 580 km, primal channel capacity 28 mln ton / year. Thus for reaching a maximum channel capacity 67 mln of tons of oil per one year
(from them 45 mln ton - for Kazakhstan oil supplier) it is necessary only to augment opportunities of pump stations, that is recognized schedule to carry out in four stages. There is a construction of the algorithm manifold up to Atyrau, which will connect Karachiganak with CPC and will allow originally pumping up to 7 mln of tons of oil, and in future - up to 11 mln of tons.

During nearest of forty years CPC will be a stable source of the incomes for the shareholders, and also Russia and Kazakhstan. According to accounts, for a period of maintenance of the algorithm manifold in federal and regional budgets of Russia will arrive approximately 23,3 billion of US dollars as deductions and profit, of Kazakhstan will receive approximately
8,2 billion of dollars.

The development of transport cooperating with Russian Federation is most actual for Kazakhstan’s for today within the framework of architecture of regional and transcontinental transit.

Regional transit. Russian Federation is one of the basic countries of shaping and assignment of transit weights; on its share it is necessary about 26 % of shaping and 20 % of assignment of weights from total amount of all transit transportations.

Transcontinental transit. In the whole transit streams in directions
Southeast and East Asia Europe are evaluated approximately in 330 - 400 billion of dollars. Thus up to 20 % of these streams can pass through region of Russia and Kazakhstan.
Taking into account in the whole size commodity circulation, iron roads of the Eurasian continent and primarily Kazakhstan and Russia have real potential for partial stylus orientations transcontinental good traffic with sea on railway routes.

For Kazakhstan in this direction of activity has a primary value a development of transportations on Northern corridor Trans Asian of a railway turnpike on a route “China - Kazakhstan - Russia – Byelorussia
Poland - Germany. Now Kazakhstan together with Russia Europe - Asia and back carries on active operation on shaping this terrestrial transport corridor by the message.

As a whole in transport-communication sphere before Kazakhstan the following tasks stand:
• Saving conditions for transit of the Kazakhstan power resources through region of Russia, maintenance at a necessary level of quotas on transit of oil for Kazakhstan.
• Scheduled magnifying of a channel capacity CPC.
• Decision of accumulating questions between the Ministry of means of communication of Russian Federation and CJSC of “Kazakhstan Temir Joli” on railroad rates and other questions.
• Creation of the share enterprises in transport branch.
• Realization share transport - communication of the projects on active use of transit potential of Kazakhstan and Russia.

2. ABOUT A CONDITION OF FOREIGN TRADE BOTH DEV’T OF THE JOINT /

ENTERPRISES KAZAKHSAN AND RUSSIA

Indexes of foreign trade of RK with RF, 1995-2001
| |1995 |1996 |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |
|Commodity | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2489,2 | 4227,6 | 4 639,3|
|circulation |265,5 |809,0 |257.2 |323.2 | | | |
|mln of US | | | | | | | |
|dollars | | | | | | | |
|In % to the | | 112,7 | 88,5 | 78,1 | 74,8 | 169,8 | 109,7 |
|appropriate | | | | | | | |
|period of the| | | | | | | |
|previous year| | | | | | | |
|Export, mln | 2 | 2484,4| 2 | 1 | 1 138,6| 1 769,1| 1 748,4|
|of US dollars|365,8 | |287,8 |611,4 | | | |
|In % to the | | 105 | 92,1 | 70,4 | 70,7 | 155,4 | 98,8 |
|appropriate | | | | | | | |
|period of the| | | | | | | |
|previous year| | | | | | | |
|Import, mln | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 350,6| 2458,5 | 2 890,9|
|of US dollars|899.7 |324,6 |969,4 |711,8 | | | |
|In % to the | | 122,4 | 84,7 | 86,9 | 78,9 | 182 | 117,6 i|
|appropriate | | | | | | | |
|period of the| | | | | | | |
|previous year| | | | | | | |
|Balance, mln | 466,1| 159,8 | 318,4 | -100,4| -212 | -689,4 | -1 |
|of US dollars| | | | | | |142,5 |
|Specific | 45,1 | 42 | 35,2 | 29,6 | 19,8 | 19,4 | 20,2 |
|gravity of | | | | | | | |
|Russia in | | | | | | | |
|total amount | | | | | | | |
|of export | | | | | | | |
|from | | | | | | | |
|Kazakhstan, | | | | | | | |
|in % | | | | | | | |
|Specific | 49,9 | 54,8 | 45,8 | 39,4 | 36,7 | 48,7 | 45,4 |
|gravity of | | | | | | | |
|Russia in | | | | | | | |
|total amount | | | | | | | |
|of import in | | | | | | | |
|Kazakhstan, | | | | | | | |
|in % | | | | | | | |

Russian Federation of the valid historically folded processes of an economic development is the basic trade partner of Kazakhstan and basic consumer of Kazakhstan production. The specific gravity of Russian
Federation in volume of export in the countries of CIS annually makes not less than 91-93 %.

In 1997 the reorientation on a development of the foreign trade links with the countries of long-distance foreign countries began. In this connection a -percent ratio in volumes of export between the countries of
Commonwealth essentially has varied. In 1997 there was cutting volumes of foreign trade between Russia and Kazakhstan, per consequent years this tendency continued to be magnified. On many goods occupying a powerful share in export of Kazakhstan production in Russia, there was a significant lowering of standard items.

In 2000 there was an essential heightening of volumes of export with all countries - basic trade partners from among Commonwealth. The foreign trade turnover of Kazakhstan with Russia in 2000 has approximated to a level of 1997. The export has increased as contrasted to 1999 in 1,5 times, the import has increased by 82 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 of delivering in Russian Federation practically have remained at a former level (reduction by 1 %).

The share of Russia in total amount of export in 2001 has made 20,2 %
(in 2000 -19,4 %).
The greatest specific gravity in structure of export in Russian Federation occupy:

Mineral products - 47,1 of % in 2001 (46,8 % in 2000): coal - 91 % of export coal from Kazakhstan, oil and gaseous condensate - 12 %, ores and concentrates iron, chrome, zinc -10,3 % (7,9 %); products of inorganic chemistry junction, inorganic and organic precious and rarely of metals of radioactive elements and isotopes 13 % (13,5 %): an oxide and hydracids of aluminum - 90 % of all outbound delivering; ferrous metals - 8,2 % (6,3 %).

In import from Russian Federation predominate: mineral products, machines and equipment.
In 2001 basic paper of import was: purchase of mineral fuel, oil and petroleum - 21,4 % (more than 77 % from common import of fuel, from them coke, diesel fuel, lubricant oils, electric power;the machines and equipment - 16,3 %, metallurgical production -14,5 %, vehicles -13 %, production chemical and industries, coupled to it,-12 %, plastic and work piece from it -4 % were imported.

On October 1 2001 in Republic of Kazakhstan 740 share and foreign enterprises created with participation of Russia (including 466 share and
274 foreign enterprises) with the authorized capital - 22,7 billion tenge operated. The share of the foreign founder in the authorized capital has made 1,3 billion tenge, or 5,94 %. From them 121 enterprises manufactured production, 72 - realized deliverings on export, 182 - had import receipts and 456 realized delivering on a home market. In 2000 in republic 461 enterprises, in 1999 - 325 operated.

The enterprises created together with the Russian partners, realize the following aspects of activity: production of crude oil, mounting of the process equipment, construction of civil engineering buildings, manufacture of the electric power both electro distributive and monitoring equipment, pharmaceutical products, copper, woolen and synthetic fabrics, flour, processing and conservator of production, rendering of different aspects of services and researches, maintenance and repair of automobiles, activity in the field of a wireless and television.

2.1 Some aspects of economic interaction Kazakhstan and Russia

For adjustment and intensive development of mutually advantageous two- sided ratios within the framework of CIS Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian
Federation have necessary objective premises. Russia and Kazakhstan make a basis of huge Eurasian region, in which historically there were steady geopolitical, economic, ethnic and cultural links of two countries and peoples. In many vital spheres the national interests of two countries are close or coincide, both countries hold on to course on saving of common defensive, humanitarian and information space and the stability and prosperity of two countries, further democratic of a society and success of market transformations are equally interested in hardening safety.

The interaction of Kazakhstan with Russia is a priority in external policy, external economic and military-strategic course of republic. A complex of the reasons conditions and factors having not tactical, but basic essence and long-time character stipulates it.

Today common balance of mutual relation between Kazakhstan and Russia has positive character, as consider each other as the strategic partners and it establishes the important premise for their mutual cooperating in the field of policy, economy, science, engineering and other spheres.

Kazakhstan-Russian economic partnership belongs to the most advanced regions of two-sided ratios between two states, as for this purpose both countries have premises for rapprochement. It in many respects defines character, both mutual relation, and other economic links, folding in the
European direction, of Kazakhstan.

On today there are favorable and unfavorable factors inherent in
Kazakhstan on a path to economic cooperating to Russia.
Alongside with the favorable factors of a development of two-sided economic ratioes exist as well unfavorable or constraining moment. The overcoming of economic barriers by means of restoring cooperation links will allow introducing the operations in frameworks EAEU (Euro-Asian Economic Union).

2.2 The factors of economic interaction of Kazakhstan and Russia

Favorable

a) Presence in Kazakhstan of large mineral operational lives. b) Transit potential and favorable geopolitical position of Kazakhstan at the center of the Eurasian continent: on a crossroads of trade and transport paths from Europe in Asia: through China on Far East ports,
Pacific Ocean of the state; through Iran and Turkey in the Mediterranean pool. c) Determination of Kazakhstan and Russia as basic trade partners on export and import. d) Retention of Kazakhstan in the majority large international architectures UN, Architecture of Economic Cooperating, Economic union
Central Asian of the countries (together with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) and Central-Asian Bank of Cooperating and Development (CABCD); Great five
Republic of Kazakhstan in frameworks of CIS (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus,
Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan). e) The large region with the common boundary (more than 6.000 kms) with
Russia, that has for two countries a serious value in matter of hardening of their national and collective safety. f) The residing in republic of the large ethnic interlayer of the European origin (Russian, Ukraine, Germany) is one of the factors of rapprochement of Kazakhstan with the European civilization and culture.

Unfavorable

a) A close arrangement of Kazakhstan to the inconsistent states Central
Asian of region. b) Support by Kazakhstan of multifactor policy in a ratio of transportation of the Caspian oil. c) The boundaries Central Asian of the states from a point of view of international law properly not democratic of Republic of Kazakhstan;
Kazakhstan has appeared as a matter of fact cut off from Western Europe d) Increase of ecological crisis, that weakens its positions in region and world, narrows down opportunities of fast industrial growth. e) Absence in Kazakhstan of a direct exit to World Ocean, exterior warm seas, that hampers links with the largest centers of a modern civilization.

f) Support by the countries of trade wars (introduction of limitation on import of the goods, policy of an ascertaining dumping in relation to the exported goods, raw interdependence of the countries etc.).

In the beginning 1990s. It seemed, that the revived democratic states within the framework of their new statuses would be and further dynamically to explicate the ratios, filling their contents, adequate to a new position. However it has not taken place and in basic for past years of two- way communications were characterized defined inertia.

As displays the analysis, the policy of Russia in a ratio of the states of Commonwealth for flowing out five years did not differ by a sequence.

There was a natural process of comprehension of key national-state interests attended by searching for new, as it seemed, more perspective partners.

Certainly, the today's level of economic integration does not answer necessities national economic of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian
Federation. Available on it is necessary to evaluate the today facts of economic interaction between two countries as insufficient and requiring in serious adjusting. The priority of a development of the Kazakhstan-Russian economic links is possible to support with existing numerous perspective directions of a development, it:

. Trade-economic cooperating of Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian

Federation;

. Frontier cooperating Republic Of Kazakhstan and Russian Federation;

. Development of industrial-cooperation links in machine-building and chemical complexes, by means of creation of share financial and industrial groups;

. Cooperating and development fuel and energy of complexes of Russia and

Kazakhstan;

. Cooperating in sphere of transport;

. Cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia in mastering vehicle launching of

Baikonur;

. Cooperating in mastering natural riches of the Caspian sea;

. Scientific - technological cooperating;

. Cooperating in the market of agricultural production.

The historically folded trade ratios of the countries of the Eurasian region, including Russia and Kazakhstan from times “Silk road” - allow to hope for success in a development of economic cooperating in modern conditions.

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